American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Broocks A, Bandelow B, Pekrun G, et al. (1998): Comparison of aerobic exercise, clomipramine, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry;155:603–9.
Ducrocq, E., Wilson, M., Vine, S., & Derakshan, N. (2016). Training Attentional Control Improves Cognitive and Motor Task Performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(5), 521–533. doi:10.1123/jsep.2016-0052.
Ezquerro, M.(2002).Psicología clínica del deporte. En: J. Dosil (Ed.).El Psicólogo del Deporte: Asesoramiento e intervención. Madrid: Síntesis (pp.69-100)
Ezquerro M. (2006). Trastornos psicológicos en deportistas. En E.Garcés de los Fayos; A .Olmedilla y P. Zafra (Eds.) Psicología y Deporte.. Murcia: Diego Martin. pp. 461-481
Jayakody, K., Gunadasa, S., & Hosker, C. (2014). Exercise for anxiety disorders: Systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(3), 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091287
Choiri, M. M., Basuki, A., Yuwanda Bagus, A., Sukaridhoto, S., & Jannah, M. (2017). Design and development virtual reality athletic – Virtual imagery to train sprinter’s concentration. Proceedings – International Electronics Symposium on Knowledge Creation and Intelligent Computing, IES-KCIC 2017, 2017–January, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1109/KCIC.2017.8228580
Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2006). Clinical sport psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2019). Mindfulness in sport: Neuroscience and practical applications. In M. H. Anshel, T. A. Petrie, & J. A. Steinfeldt (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology series. APA handbook of sport and exercise psychology, Vol. 1. Sport psychology (p. 325–342). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000123-017
Gimeno, F. y Ezquerro, M. (2006). Intervención psicológica en un caso de evitación interoceptiva en el deporte. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, vol 11, nº 2 pp 99-106
Mardon, N., Richards, H., & Martindale, A. (2016). The Effect of Mindfulness Training on Attention and Performance in National-Level Swimmers: An Exploratory Investigation. The Sport Psychologist, 30(2), 131–140. doi:10.1123/tsp.2014-0085
Martinsen EW, Hoffart A, Solberg Y. (1989): Aerobic and non-aerobic forms of exercise in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Stress Med;5:115–20.
Moen, Frode; Firing, Kristian; Wells, A. (2016). The effects of attention training techniques on stress and performance in sports. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 28(2), p213-225. 13p.
Moran, A., Campbell, M., & Ranieri, D. (2018). Implications of eye tracking technology for applied sport psychology. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 9(4), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2018.1511660
Neumann, D. L. (2016). on the Use of Virtual Reality in Sport and Exercise: Applications and Research Findings. International Journal of Computer Research, 23(3), 273–293.
Neumann, D., & Moffitt, R. (2018). Affective and Attentional States When Running in a Virtual Reality Environment. Sports, 6(3), 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6030071
Stathopoulou, G., Powers, M. B., Berry, A. C., Smits, J. A. J., & Otto, M. W. (2006). Exercise interventions for mental health: A quantitative and qualitative review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 13(2), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2006.00021.x
Stone, J. A., Strafford, B. W., North, J. S., Toner, C., & Davids, K. (2018). Effectiveness and efficiency of virtual reality designs to enhance athlete development: An ecological dynamics perspective. Movement and Sports Sciences – Science et Motricite, 2018(102), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1051/sm/2018031
Strohle A. (2009): Physical activity exercise depression and anxiety disorders: biological psychiatry. J Neural Transm;116:777–84.
Thomas S, Reading I, Shephard RJ. Revision of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). Can J Sport Sci 1992;17:338–45
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Broocks A, Bandelow B, Pekrun G, et al. (1998): Comparison of aerobic exercise, clomipramine, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry;155:603–9.
Ducrocq, E., Wilson, M., Vine, S., & Derakshan, N. (2016). Training Attentional Control Improves Cognitive and Motor Task Performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(5), 521–533. doi:10.1123/jsep.2016-0052.
Ezquerro, M.(2002).Psicología clínica del deporte. En: J. Dosil (Ed.).El Psicólogo del Deporte: Asesoramiento e intervención. Madrid: Síntesis (pp.69-100)
Ezquerro M. (2006). Trastornos psicológicos en deportistas. En E.Garcés de los Fayos; A .Olmedilla y P. Zafra (Eds.) Psicología y Deporte.. Murcia: Diego Martin. pp. 461-481
Jayakody, K., Gunadasa, S., & Hosker, C. (2014). Exercise for anxiety disorders: Systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(3), 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091287
Choiri, M. M., Basuki, A., Yuwanda Bagus, A., Sukaridhoto, S., & Jannah, M. (2017). Design and development virtual reality athletic – Virtual imagery to train sprinter’s concentration. Proceedings – International Electronics Symposium on Knowledge Creation and Intelligent Computing, IES-KCIC 2017, 2017–January, 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1109/KCIC.2017.8228580
Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2006). Clinical sport psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2019). Mindfulness in sport: Neuroscience and practical applications. In M. H. Anshel, T. A. Petrie, & J. A. Steinfeldt (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology series. APA handbook of sport and exercise psychology, Vol. 1. Sport psychology (p. 325–342). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000123-017
Gimeno, F. y Ezquerro, M. (2006). Intervención psicológica en un caso de evitación interoceptiva en el deporte. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, vol 11, nº 2 pp 99-106
Mardon, N., Richards, H., & Martindale, A. (2016). The Effect of Mindfulness Training on Attention and Performance in National-Level Swimmers: An Exploratory Investigation. The Sport Psychologist, 30(2), 131–140. doi:10.1123/tsp.2014-0085
Martinsen EW, Hoffart A, Solberg Y. (1989): Aerobic and non-aerobic forms of exercise in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Stress Med;5:115–20.
Moen, Frode; Firing, Kristian; Wells, A. (2016). The effects of attention training techniques on stress and performance in sports. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 28(2), p213-225. 13p.
Moran, A., Campbell, M., & Ranieri, D. (2018). Implications of eye tracking technology for applied sport psychology. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 9(4), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2018.1511660
Neumann, D. L. (2016). on the Use of Virtual Reality in Sport and Exercise: Applications and Research Findings. International Journal of Computer Research, 23(3), 273–293.
Neumann, D., & Moffitt, R. (2018). Affective and Attentional States When Running in a Virtual Reality Environment. Sports, 6(3), 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6030071
Stathopoulou, G., Powers, M. B., Berry, A. C., Smits, J. A. J., & Otto, M. W. (2006). Exercise interventions for mental health: A quantitative and qualitative review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 13(2), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2006.00021.x
Stone, J. A., Strafford, B. W., North, J. S., Toner, C., & Davids, K. (2018). Effectiveness and efficiency of virtual reality designs to enhance athlete development: An ecological dynamics perspective. Movement and Sports Sciences – Science et Motricite, 2018(102), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1051/sm/2018031
Strohle A. (2009): Physical activity exercise depression and anxiety disorders: biological psychiatry. J Neural Transm;116:777–84.
Thomas S, Reading I, Shephard RJ. Revision of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). Can J Sport Sci 1992;17:338–45
Carry out a clinical assessment of your patient’s condition before starting the intervention. Use the data obtained in the evaluation to establish therapeutic goals and choose the most appropriate intervention strategies.
Use Psious tools to optimize the intervention and adjust them to the patient’s needs. Evaluate, periodically, the therapeutic process and, if necessary, adjust it. Somatic disorders are of great heterogeneity and variability: always use digital tools as a system to improve the intervention and not as a technique in itself.
Realiza una valoración clínica del estado de tu paciente antes de iniciar la intervención. Utiliza los datos obtenidos en la evaluación para establecer objetivos terapéuticos y elegir las estrategias de intervención más adecuadas.
Utiliza las herramientas Psious para optimizar la intervención y ajustarlas a las necesidades del paciente. Evalúa, periódicamente, el proceso terapéutico y, si es necesario, ajustarlo. Los trastornos somáticos son de gran heterogeneidad y variabilidad: utilice siempre las herramientas digitales como un sistema para mejorar la intervención y no como una técnica en sí misma.
[ AVISO: Este documento ha sido traducido automáticamente mediante Google Translate. ]
“All the information contained in this section is for guidance only. Psious environments are therapeutic tools that must be used by the healthcare professional within an evaluation and intervention process designed according to the characteristics and needs of the user.
Also remember that you have the General Clinical Guide in which you have more information on how to adapt psychological intervention techniques (exposure, systematic desensitization, cognitive restructuring, chip economy…) to Psious environments.”
Exercise & Sports Performance TrainingEvaluation
In this section we propose different strategies and tools on how to anxiety, sadness, physical activity and sports performance training:
OBJECTIVES
1st Consider, in the evaluation, two large sets of variables: personal and environmental.
2nd Determine, in each case, if the pertinent approach is that of self-control, expanding and updating the range of techniques with the corresponding ones, if, on the contrary, it is convenient to orient the intervention towards external stimuli; or if, as is frequent, a combination of both perspectives is required (with their corresponding techniques).
3th Design of “tailor-made” interventions for each athlete, in each circumstance of their sports career, in which performance will not always be the first objective, although, except in exceptional cases, it should be taken into account, at least, as a secondary objective. (Ezquerro, 2002, 2006; Gardner and Moore 2006).
Useful tools for Exercise & Sports Performance Training evaluation
Considering the evaluation objectives, we will enumerate some of the tools that can be useful to obtain relevant information about the characteristics of your user. Remember that good objectives definitions, patient characterization and planification of the intervention are important for therapeutic efficiency and effectiveness just like the user satisfaction. In the bibliography you will find articles where you can revise the characteristics of the proposed tools.
OPEN OR SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
Structured interview ADIS-IV (only if psychopathology suspect)
SELF-REPORTS
ADIS-IV structured interview (only if there is suspicion of psychopathology)
The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q).
The Sport Psychology Outcomes and Research Tool (SPORT)
Athlete satisfaction questionnaire (ASQ)
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS)
“Toda la información contenida en este apartado es de carácter orientativo. Los entornos de Psious son herramientas de apoyo terapéutico que deben ser utilizadas por el profesional de la salud dentro de un proceso de evaluación e intervención diseñado según las características y necesidades del usuario.
Recuerda además que dispones de la Guía Clínica General en la que tienes más información sobre cómo adaptar las técnicas de intervención psicológica (exposición, desensibilización sistemática, reestructuración cognitiva, economía de fichas…) a los entornos de Psious.”
Entrenamiento de rendimiento deportivo y ejercicioEvaluación
En este apartado se proponen diferentes estrategias y herramientas sobre cómo afrontar la ansiedad, la tristeza, la actividad física y el rendimiento deportivo:
OBJETIVOS
1º Considerar, en la evaluación, dos grandes conjuntos de variables: personal y ambiental.
2º Determinar, en cada caso, si el enfoque pertinente es el del autocontrol, ampliando y actualizando el abanico de técnicas con las correspondientes, si, por el contrario, conviene orientar la intervención hacia estímulos externos; o si, como es frecuente, se requiere una combinación de ambas perspectivas (con sus correspondientes técnicas).
3º Diseño de intervenciones “a medida” para cada deportista, en cada circunstancia de su carrera deportiva, en las que el rendimiento no siempre será el primer objetivo, aunque, salvo casos excepcionales, se deberá tener en cuenta, al menos, como un objetivo secundario. (Ezquerro, 2002, 2006; Gardner y Moore 2006).
Herramientas útiles para la evaluación del entrenamiento de rendimiento deportivo y ejercicio
Teniendo en cuenta los objetivos de la evaluación, enumeraremos algunas de las herramientas que pueden ser útiles para obtener información relevante sobre las características de su usuario. Recuerde que una buena definición de los objetivos, la caracterización del paciente y la planificación de la intervención son importantes para la eficiencia y efectividad terapéutica al igual que la satisfacción del usuario. En la bibliografía encontrará artículos donde podrá revisar las características de las herramientas propuestas.
ENTREVISTA ABIERTA O SEMIESTRUCTURADA ENTREVISTA
Entrevista estructurada ADIS-IV (solo si hay sospecha de psicopatología)
AUTO-INFORMES
Cuestionario de preparación para la actividad física (PAR-Q).
La herramienta de investigación y resultados de la psicología del deporte (SPORT)
Cuestionario de satisfacción del atleta (ASQ)
Cuestionario de salud del paciente (PHQ-9)
Escala general de ansiedad, gravedad y deterioro (OASIS)
Instrumento EuroQOL (EQ-5)
[ AVISO: Este documento ha sido traducido automáticamente mediante Google Translate. ]
Exercise & Sports performance training is a new therapeutic area that includes different environments for physical and sporting activity and some techniques for improvement of sport performance.
First, research has demonstrated, quantitative and qualitative, the efficacy of exercise in clinical samples. The meta-analysis of 11 treatment outcome studies of individuals with depression yielded a very large combined effect size for the advantage of exercise over control conditions (Stathopoulou, G., et al., 2006). Exercise seems to be effective as an adjunctive treatment for anxiety disorders but it is less effective compared with antidepressant treatment. Both aerobic and non-aerobic exercise seems to reduce anxiety symptoms.
There have been a few hypothesised mechanisms of anxiety reduction following exercise; enhanced self-efficacy, experiences of mastery, distraction from anxiety-provoking stimuli, a method of exposure therapy, neurotransmitter changes, peptide changes and changes of self-concept have been proposed( Martinsen EW, et al. 1989, Broocks A, et al. 1998, Strohle A. 2009, Jayakody, K.et al., 2014). Based on these findings, we encourage healthcare professionals to consider the role of adjunctive exercise interventions in their clinical practice.
On the other hand, physiological (activation levels, respiratory and muscle tension management…) and cognitive process (attention, concentration, thought management…) can be evaluated and trained to improve sports performance (Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E., 2006 & 2019; Mardon, N., et al, 2016; Moen et al., 2016; Ducrocq, E., et al. 2018).
Virtual Reality (VR) has been shown to improve adherence to exercise, be effective in training race pacing strategies, enhance effort, improve mood and enjoyment, and increase cognitive functioning when compared to control conditions (Neumann, D. L. , 2016).
A recent review indicates that VR can be a promising adjunct to existing real-world training and participation in sport. A VR-based system for training and participation has several advantages such as enabling athletes to train regardless of weather conditions, providing a means to compete with others in a different geographic location, and allowing precise and replicable control over features of the virtual environment (Neumann, D. L. et al. , 2018, Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E., 2019).
Psious’ “Exercise & Sports performance training” tools were created to help healthcare professionals with the management of anxiety and mood related symptoms and with the training and improvement of sport performance. These tools can help the patient by means of evidence-based techniques: Breathing Techniques, Progressive Muscular Relaxation, Imaginary, Body Scan & Mindfulness.
Ejercicio y Entrenamiento de Rendimiento Deportivo es una nueva área terapéutica que incluye diferentes entornos para la actividad física y deportiva y algunas técnicas para la mejora del rendimiento deportivo.
En primer lugar, la investigación ha demostrado, cuantitativa y cualitativamente, la eficacia del ejercicio en muestras clínicas. El metanálisis de 11 estudios de resultados del tratamiento de individuos con depresión arrojó un tamaño de efecto combinado muy grande para la ventaja del ejercicio sobre las condiciones de control (Stathopoulou, G., et al., 2006). El ejercicio parece ser eficaz como tratamiento complementario para los trastornos de ansiedad, pero es menos eficaz en comparación con el tratamiento antidepresivo. Tanto el ejercicio aeróbico como el no aeróbico parecen reducir los síntomas de ansiedad.
Ha habido algunos mecanismos hipotéticos de reducción de la ansiedad después del ejercicio; se ha propuesto una mayor autoeficacia, experiencias de dominio, distracción de los estímulos que provocan ansiedad, un método de terapia de exposición, cambios de neurotransmisores, cambios de péptidos y cambios de autoconcepto (Martinsen EW, et al. 1989, Broocks A, et al. . 1998, Strohle A. 2009, Jayakody, K. et al., 2014). Con base en estos hallazgos, alentamos a los médicos a considerar el papel de las intervenciones con ejercicios complementarios en su práctica clínica.
Por otro lado, los procesos fisiológicos (niveles de activación, manejo de la tensión respiratoria y muscular …) y cognitivos (atención, concentración, manejo del pensamiento …) pueden ser evaluados y entrenados para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo (Gardner, FL, & Moore, ZE, 2006 y 2019; Mardon, N., et al, 2016; Moen et al., 2016; Ducrocq, E., et al.2018).
La realidad virtual (VR) ha demostrado que mejora la adherencia al ejercicio, es eficaz en el entrenamiento de estrategias de ritmo de carrera, mejora el esfuerzo, mejora el estado de ánimo y el disfrute, y aumenta el funcionamiento cognitivo en comparación con las condiciones de control (Neumann, DL, 2016).
Una revisión reciente indica que la realidad virtual puede ser un complemento prometedor para el entrenamiento y la participación en el deporte del mundo real existente. Un sistema basado en la Realidad Virtual para el entrenamiento y la participación tiene varias ventajas, como permitir a los atletas entrenar independientemente de las condiciones climáticas, proporcionar un medio para competir con otros en una ubicación geográfica diferente y permitir un control preciso y replicable sobre las características del entorno virtual (Neumann , DL et al., 2018, Gardner, FL, & Moore, ZE, 2019).
Se crearon las herramientas de Psious ‘“Ejercicio y entrenamiento de rendimiento deportivo” para ayudar a los profesionales de la salud con el manejo de la ansiedad y los síntomas relacionados con el estado de ánimo y con el entrenamiento y la mejora del rendimiento deportivo. Estas herramientas pueden ayudar al paciente mediante técnicas basadas en la evidencia: Técnicas de Respiración, Relajación Muscular Progresiva, Imaginario, Body Scan y Mindfulness.
[ AVISO: Este documento ha sido traducido automáticamente mediante Google Translate. ]
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American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Craske, M. G., Meuret, A. E., Ritz, T., Treanor, M., & Dour, H. J. (2016). Treatment for Anhedonia: A Neuroscience Driven Approach. Depression and Anxiety, 33(10), 927–938. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22490
Craske, M. G., Treanor, M., Dour, H., Meuret, A., & Ritz, T. (2019). Positive Affect Treatment for Depression and Anxiety: A Randomized Clinical Trial for a Core Feature of Anhedonia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(5), 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000396
Cuijpers, P., Cristea, I. A., Karyotaki, E., Reijnders, M., & Huibers, M. J. (2016). How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence. World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 15(3), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20346
Falconer, C. J., Slater, M., Rovira, A., King, J. A., Gilbert, P., Antley, A., & Brewin, C. R. (2014). Embodying compassion: a virtual reality paradigm for overcoming excessive self-criticism. PloS One, 9(11), e111933. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111933
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