Appendix
Preparation for an oral presentation in public
- If there is nothing insisted upon, select a general topic for their presentation. Choose a topic that they have a good command of and that interests them.
- Summarize the previous topic, focusing on some aspect of it. For this, bear in mind, on one hand, the interests, attitudes and knowledge of the audience and, on the other, the occasion (reason for the meeting in public, moment in which they will speak, available time).
- Determine the objective that they want to achieve with their presentation (informing, persuading, making the audience think, calling to action, entertaining).
- Make a short preliminary outline that includes basic ideas and points on the topic and that serves as a guide to searching for information on the topic.
- Collect pertinent information. Possible material to be collected may include examples, explanations, demonstrations, analogies, numeric data, quotes, testimonies, graphics and visual aids.
- Make an outline of the body of the presentation in which the ideas to be presented can be organised coherently. It should contain the simple numbering of the main ideas about which they want to speak (no more than 4-5) and, under each of these, the secondary ideas that are going to be developed. They can also include essential information (examples, statistics, quotes), the time assigned to each main idea and the moment in which they will use each audio-visual aid, if there are any.
- If they want more information than that given by the outline, they can prepare some numbered notes written on only one side of paper in which they can briefly develop the ideas to present. However, if they use a lot of notes, these can be difficult to manage and they run the risk of looking more at the notes than the audience or ending up reading the presentation.
- Anticipate possible questions, objections or interruptions and prepare appropriate responses.
- If it is the case, prepare a limited number of audio-visual aids to support or clarify their presentation. These aids should be easily understood, clearly visible and/or audible and preferably graphic in nature. As technology can fail, be prepared to do the presentation without them.
- Prepare the introduction and check that it is clearly connected to the body of the presentation. The introduction should follow: a) earning the attention of the audience and motivating them for the presentation; and b) informing them of the topic of the presentation, the main points that it will cover. The introduction should be short and not cover more than 5-10% of the available time.
- Prepare the conclusion and check that it is clearly connected to the body of the presentation. A presentation can be concluded by: a) reaffirming its main points; b) making a short summary of the main ideas presented; and c), if it is the case, prompting to carry out a specific action. The conclusion should not take up more than 10% of the available time.
- It is useful to make a short mental essay on the introduction, main points and conclusion. If they are a beginner, frightened or usually have problems managing time, it is advisable to do a real rehearsal alone or in front of some collaborators. Think that the real presentation usually lasts around 10-20% longer than the private rehearsal.
Self-Report Hierarchy Environments Psious
Office
| ITEM | LEVEL OF DISCOMFORT (0-100) |
|---|---|
| After exposing a project in a small work group, one of my colleagues makes a comment, asking me to give him an example of what I have just explained. | |
| I am in the office alone, preparing the presentation that I am going to do in a few minutes. | |
| I am in the office with a couple of colleagues. We have a meeting so I have to explain the progress I have made on the job during the week. | |
| While I’m explaining a work project to a group of a few colleagues, a Skype call comes into one of the computers. | |
| I am in a meeting in the office with a small group of colleagues, and when I explain how the project we are working on is progressing, it seems that they do not pay much attention to me, they are distracted. | |
| I find myself in an office room doing a job interview, and when I’m done explaining a little why I’m interested in the offer, the interviewer makes a nice comment. | |
| I am in a meeting with a colleague, and while I am speaking another colleague enters and interrupts the meeting. | |
| While I’m explaining a work project to a group of few people, a mobile phone rings. | |
| I meet a couple of colleagues in the office, and I have to explain the objectives of a project that we are going to have to develop. I see that they listen to me carefully and share my opinions. | |
| I am in a meeting with a small group of colleagues, and after talking to them about a project, one of them makes an unpleasant comment about my presentation. | |
| While I’m explaining a work project to a group of quite a few colleagues, a mobile phone rings. | |
| I am in an office room about to do a job interview. As I tell him things, I see that the interviewer does not seem very interested in what I explain. | |
| While I’m in the middle of a meeting with a coworker, a Skype call comes in on a computer. | |
| I am in an office room because I have a job interview. When I explain my professional career to the interviewer, I see that he listens to me carefully and that he listens to what I present. | |
| After explaining my career path in a job interview, the interviewer makes a critical comment about my exposure. | |
| While I am explaining a work project to a large group of colleagues, someone enters interrupting the meeting. | |
| When I’m doing a job interview, the interviewer’s mobile starts ringing. | |
| When I am in a meeting with a co-worker, I realize that he is not very attentive to what I am explaining, but rather he is distracted. | |
| I am in the office and we have a meeting with quite a few colleagues. When it is my turn to speak, I see that everyone is listening carefully. | |
| While I’m explaining a work project to a few colleagues, a Skype call comes into one of the computers. | |
| While I am in a meeting with quite a few colleagues, after making my explanation, I get a nice comment. | |
| I find myself in a meeting with quite a few colleagues, and I have the feeling that when I’m speaking they don’t listen to me too much, they don’t show much interest. | |
| While I am explaining a work project to a small group of people, someone enters interrupting the meeting. | |
| I have a meeting with a co-worker, and after explaining my proposal, he tells me that we will discuss it again in another meeting. |
Auto-Report Hierarchy Environments Psious
Auditorio and Concert
| ITEM | LEVEL OF DISCOMFORT (0-100) |
|---|---|
| I am giving a lecture in an auditorium with few people, and I see that look very attentive to what I’m explaining. | |
| I am going to give a talk that will be broadcast on television and therefore there are a series of cameras in front of me. I am talking and I can see that there are many people and that everyone listens to me carefully. | |
| I am sitting in the seats of the auditorium before the public that comes to see the conference I do today enter. | |
| While I am giving my presentation in a room with a lot of people, I see how a person gets up and leaves the room. | |
| I’m doing a presentation in a completely crowded auditorium, and I can see the lack of interest on the faces of the attendees. | |
| I’m about to start a concert in a crowded auditorium, the lights are off, and even though I focus on the cameras that focus on me, I hear the audience applaud me. | |
| I am giving a conference in an auditorium, the lights are off and the television cameras are focusing on me, and one of the attendees asks me a question that seems quite difficult to me. | |
| I am on stage about to give a lecture, and the small audience present applauds me. | |
| I am in front of an atrium as I am going to give a lecture; I can see that the room is quite full. | |
| I am giving a conference in a room with few people, and while I am talking you can see how there are people in the audience who are talking to each other instead of listening to me. | |
| I am giving a talk that will be broadcast on television, and although the light is off, I can see that there are quite a few attendees and that they do not listen to me too closely. | |
| I am in front of an atrium, about to give a lecture, and I see that there are not many people. | |
| I am on a stage rehearsing the presentation that I am going to do today, taking advantage of the fact that there is still nobody in the audience. | |
| While I am giving a talk in a fully packed auditorium, a person in the audience asks me a question that seems quite difficult to me. | |
| I’m in a fairly empty auditorium, with the lights off and cameras in focus, and I’m giving a talk. As I speak, I hear a yawn in the audience. | |
| While I am giving a conference in a crowded room, I notice how the public does not have much interest in what I explain, and, at some point, I hear people laughing. | |
| I am in front of an atrium, there are television cameras in front of me, and although the lights are off, I see that there are quite a few people when I am about to start my presentation. | |
| I am in a fairly crowded auditorium, I go up on stage to start my lecture and the audience applauds me. | |
| I’m in an auditorium room, giving a lecture in front of few people, and one of the listeners asks me a question that seems easy to answer. | |
| From the auditorium stage, I can see that the room is fully booked when I go to start my lecture. | |
| I find myself giving a conference in a room with few people, and when I speak I can see how they don’t pay too much attention to what I say. | |
| In today’s conference there are a lot of people, but as I speak I can see how there are people who speak to each other instead of listening to me. | |
| I am making a presentation in a totally full room, and I can see how everyone seems to be attentive to what I am explaining. | |
| I am lecturing in a fully packed auditorium. Although the lights are off, I can see how the audience seems interested in what I’m explaining. | |
| I am giving a presentation in a crowded room, and while I speak one of the attendees begins to cough. | |
| I am in an auditorium room, giving a conference in front of few people, and one of the listeners asks me a question that seems difficult to answer. | |
| I am in the center of the stage of the auditorium, I can see that the room is completely full, and just before starting, the audience applauds me. | |
| When I am giving a presentation in a totally full room, one of the people in the audience gets up from his seat and leaves. I find myself giving a conference in a fairly full room, and I see that the whole audience seems interested in what I am telling them. . | |
| While I am giving a talk in a fully packed auditorium, a person in the audience asks me a question that seems easy to answer. | |
| As I give my presentation in a fairly crowded room, there are people in the room talking to each other. | |
| I am giving a talk in a fairly crowded auditorium. Even though the lights are off, I can see that as I speak one of the attendees gets up from his seat and leaves the room. | |
| As I speak in today’s presentation, I see that the room is quite full, but that the public is not very interested in what I explain. | |
| While I’m giving a talk in a crowded auditorium, someone’s cell phone rings. | |
| I find myself in an auditorium giving a presentation to quite a few people, and one of them asks me a difficult question to answer. | |
| As I lecture in a fully packed auditorium, I can see how the audience doesn’t seem very interested in what I’m saying, and besides, I hear someone yawn. | |
| When I am giving a talk in a crowded room, one of them gets up and leaves the room. | |
| I am in a room with very few people giving a talk, and I can hear how a mobile phone starts to vibrate. | |
| I find myself in an auditorium giving a presentation to quite a few people, and one of them asks me an easy question to answer. | |
| While I’m giving a talk in a fairly crowded auditorium, I can hear someone yawning. | |
| I am giving a conference in a room full of people, and while I am talking I hear a phone vibrating in the distance. | |
| I am in an auditorium giving a lecture. The lights are off and there are cameras in focus, and at one point an assistant asks me a question that I find difficult to answer. |
Self-Report Hierarchy Psious Settings
Audience
| ITEM | LEVEL OF DISCOMFORT (0-100) |
|---|---|
| I am giving a talk in a room that is practically empty. I can see how the attendees react, and it seems that they are not very interested in what I am explaining. | |
| I am in the conference room, which is empty, preparing the talk that I am going to give in a few minutes. | |
| I am giving a talk and there are many attendees, and I can see how they listen to me attentively. | |
| I am in a conference room where there are quite a few people, and I hear laughter as I speak. | |
| I am giving a talk in a room that is practically empty. | |
| After making an intervention during the talk that I am giving today, the little attending public begins to applaud me. | |
| I am giving a talk in a room that is practically empty. As I speak, I can see how the attendees react, and they seem to be listening carefully. | |
| I am lecturing in a fairly crowded room. As I speak, the sound of a mobile phone is heard. | |
| I am giving a conference in a room that is quite full. | |
| I am giving a conference, and as I speak I notice how the public is not very interested in what I say. In addition, one of the assistants gets up and leaves the room. | |
| I am in a fairly crowded room, and at the end of the conference that I have given the public begins to applaud me. | |
| While I am giving a talk in a practically empty room, one of the assistants asks me a somewhat difficult question to answer. | |
| While I am giving a talk in a crowded room, I can see how they are not interested in what I am hearing, and even a yawn is heard. | |
| I am in a conference room where there are not many people, and although I cannot see who it is, I hear someone laugh while I am talking. | |
| I am giving a talk and there are quite a few people in the room, and suddenly the vibration of a mobile phone is heard. | |
| While I am giving a conference in a room with few assistants, one of them asks me a question, which seems easy to answer. | |
| I find myself giving a lecture in a room full of everything. As I speak, I can see that attendees are listening intently. | |
| I am giving a conference, and the room is quite full. At one point, one of the attendees asks me a question that I find difficult to answer. | |
| Today I give an important conference, and the room is quite full. As I speak, I have the feeling that the public is not very interested in what I say. | |
| While I am speaking at the conference that I give today, the few assistants that there are begin to speak among themselves. | |
| While I am giving a conference in a room with many attendees, one of them asks me a question, which seems easy to answer. | |
| I am in a fully-packed conference room, I am giving a talk, and at one point I hear a laugh from the audience. | |
| I am giving a talk, and there are not many attendees in the room. Still, as I speak I hear a yawn. | |
| I find myself giving a talk in a fairly crowded room. I can see how attendees react, and it seems that they are not too interested in what I am explaining. | |
| The room where I am giving a conference today is completely full, and while I speak one of the assistants gets up and leaves the room. | |
| While I am giving a talk in a fully packed room, one of the attendees asks me a somewhat difficult question to answer. | |
| At the end of today’s presentation, all the audience in the room, which is full, begins to applaud me. | |
| As I speak at the conference I am giving today, it seems that the attendees are paying attention, but then a yawn is heard. | |
| I am giving a talk in a room that is totally full. | |
| While I am giving a talk in a fairly crowded room, one of the attendees asks me a somewhat difficult question to answer. | |
| I am speaking in front of a fully packed room, and as I speak I can hear how attendees are speaking to each other. | |
| I’m doing a presentation in front of a room full of people, and then one of the attendees asks me a fairly simple question. | |
| I find myself giving a talk, and as I speak I can see that the audience in the room (which is quite full), starts talking to each other. |
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